兒童白內(nèi)障人工晶體植入現(xiàn)狀(二)
作者:朱剛
單位:朱剛(山東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院眼科研究所 266071 青島);謝立信(山東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院眼科研究所 266071 青島)
關(guān)鍵詞:
謝立信 審校謝立信 審校
三、視力結(jié)果
兒童白內(nèi)障術(shù)后的視力與多種因素有關(guān):如白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生時間、白內(nèi)障的類型、混濁程度、單眼還是雙眼、手術(shù)時機、術(shù)后矯正情況、弱視治療的程度及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等有關(guān)。一個成功的手術(shù)只是給患兒建立了良好的光學(xué)通道,其最終的治療還在于術(shù)后的屈光矯正和弱視治療。Awner[27]報道了21例4歲以下單眼白內(nèi)障患者,術(shù)后有52%獲得了0.5以上的視力。其中42%為嬰幼兒性白內(nèi)障,68%為外傷性白內(nèi)障。其結(jié)果與Zwaan[28]的結(jié)果一致。Markham[29]報道86%的單眼嬰幼兒術(shù)后視力在0.1以上,7例中無一人視力在0.5以上。Plager等[30]報道了57例79眼10個月至17歲的先天性白內(nèi)障,術(shù)后平均隨訪2年,79%的患兒矯正視力大于0.5。目前報道,外傷性白內(nèi)障是人工晶體植入的最佳適應(yīng)證。因為患兒已有相當(dāng)程度的視力發(fā)育,其術(shù)后最佳矯正視力在1.0以上者占70~90%[31]。對于年齡大于2歲兒童的單側(cè)先天性白內(nèi)障行人工晶體植入認(rèn)為是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的手術(shù)方式。但以上視力的分析只是一個大體的結(jié)果,尚需要針對兒童白內(nèi)障發(fā)生的時間、類型、混濁程度、單雙眼、手術(shù)時間和術(shù)后視力結(jié)果的關(guān)系進(jìn)行大范圍多病例的研究。
, http://www.www.srpcoatings.com
四、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥及治療
兒童白內(nèi)障術(shù)中采用前后撕囊聯(lián)合前段玻璃體切除以及術(shù)中應(yīng)用肝素注射液或肝素表面處理的人工晶體,術(shù)后的炎癥反應(yīng)明顯減少。但是由于兒童術(shù)后的炎癥反應(yīng)較重,術(shù)后仍有部分兒童出現(xiàn)后發(fā)障和繼發(fā)膜形成。后發(fā)障可待炎癥穩(wěn)定后經(jīng)扁平部玻璃體切除。繼發(fā)膜可行Nd:YAG激光切除聯(lián)合前房內(nèi)注射t-PA治療。因為采用透明角膜切口或鞏膜隧道切口,不損傷小梁組織,術(shù)后眼壓增高可能與手術(shù)后炎性滲出物堵塞小梁網(wǎng)或玻璃體嵌頓引起瞳孔阻滯所致。可以通過抗炎或切除脫于前房和嵌頓于瞳孔區(qū)的玻璃體治療。
理論上,由于術(shù)中騷擾玻璃體,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)視網(wǎng)膜脫離的機會將增加。但報道術(shù)后視網(wǎng)膜脫離的發(fā)生率并不比成人高,這一結(jié)果可能與觀察時間短有關(guān)[32]。
兒童白內(nèi)障術(shù)后視網(wǎng)膜黃斑囊樣水腫(CME)的發(fā)生率低,可能與他們視網(wǎng)膜比成人健康有關(guān)。玻璃體切除并不增加CME的發(fā)生率。
, http://www.www.srpcoatings.com
人工晶體夾持和偏位是兒童白內(nèi)障術(shù)后常見的并發(fā)癥。Hiles[33]報道有40%的患兒術(shù)后出現(xiàn)人工晶體夾持,但是囊袋內(nèi)人工晶體植入能明顯減少這一并發(fā)癥。人工晶體夾持更多見于虹膜支持型人工晶體[34]。若人工晶體夾持不影響視力或不產(chǎn)生其他并發(fā)癥,可以隨訪觀察。如果出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的葡葡膜炎等并發(fā)癥時要毫不吝惜地取出或更換人工晶體。
五、人工晶體植入的禁忌癥
嚴(yán)重的小眼球是人工晶體植入的相對禁忌癥。因為這種眼球本身發(fā)育不良,視力預(yù)后較差,而且前房無足夠的空間以避免人工晶體與角膜內(nèi)皮接觸,術(shù)后易出現(xiàn)青光眼,角膜內(nèi)皮失代償?shù)。另外,青光眼患兒眼壓很難控制,也不主張植入人工晶體。除此之外,白內(nèi)障合并玻璃體增殖性病變(如糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變,嚴(yán)重的眼外傷等),惡性腫瘤(如視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤等),視神經(jīng)萎縮以及眼內(nèi)慢性炎癥如葡萄膜炎、弓形體病、風(fēng)疹綜合征等[34,35]。
, http://www.www.srpcoatings.com
從目前對出生后2周和4周的嬰幼兒行人工晶體植入的效果看,人工晶體植入并無年齡限制。但是對于2歲以下的兒童是否植入人工晶體仍有爭議。主要是因為年齡越小,術(shù)后炎癥反應(yīng)越重;人工晶體的屈光度不易確定;睫狀肌和晶狀體囊發(fā)育尚未完善;若行扁平部玻璃體切除,其入口距角膜緣的距離不易掌握[31]。雖然有出生后不久即行人工晶體植入的報道,而且人工晶體本身對眼也無嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,但仍缺乏長期隨訪結(jié)果和較多病例報告。
六、結(jié)束語
隨著兒童白內(nèi)障人工晶體植入后并發(fā)癥的減少,人工晶體在兒童白內(nèi)障中的應(yīng)用正逐漸被人們接受。由于兒童眼的特殊性,人工晶體的使用仍要非常慎重。首先要根據(jù)患兒的年齡和健眼的屈光狀態(tài)選擇合適的人工晶體屈光度。另外,手術(shù)者必須具有嫻熟的顯微手術(shù)技巧以及良好的手術(shù)器械;術(shù)中進(jìn)行前后聯(lián)合撕囊,前段玻璃體切除,以降低后發(fā)障和人工晶體夾持的發(fā)生率。同時要求患兒的家長明確手術(shù)目的,以便術(shù)后及時復(fù)診和進(jìn)行弱視治療!
, 百拇醫(yī)藥
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Binkhost CD, et al. Treatment of congenital and juvenile cataract with intraocular lens implantants (pseudophakoi). Br J Ophthalmol, 1970, 54:759.
[2]Behrendt S, et al. Sandwich intraocular iens implant:a concept for aphakia correction in children. Klin Monatsbl Augenhcilked, 1995, 207:42.
[3]Sinskey RM, et al. Management of cataracts in children. J Cataract Refract Surg, 1989, 15:196.
, http://www.www.srpcoatings.com
[4]Vander Pol BA, et al. Iris-claw intraocular lenses in children. Bull Soc Belge Ophthalmol, 1996, 261:127.
[5]Stark WJ, et al. Posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in the absence of capsular support. Arch Opthalmol, 1989, 107:1078.
[6]Vasavada A, et al. Intraocular lens implantation in infants with congenital cataract. J Cataract Refract Surg, 1994, 20:592.
[7]Buckley EG, et al. Management of the posterior capsule during pediatric intraocular lens implantion. A J ophthalmol, 1993, 118:722.
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[8]Awner S, et al. Unilateral pseudophakia in children under 4 years. J pediatr Ophthalmol, 1996, 33:230.
[9]Sinskey RM, et al. Cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in an infant with a monocular congenital cataract. J cataract Refract Surg, 1994, 20:647.
[10]Dahen E, et al. Choice of lens and dioptric power in pediatric pseudophakia. J Cataract Refract Surg, 1997, 23 (suppl) 1:618.
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[11]Lambert SR, et al. Multifocal versus monofocal correction of neonatal monocular aphakia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 1994, 30:195.
[12]Lambert SR, et al. Nenatal lensectomy and intraocular lens implantation: Effects on rhesus monkey. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci, 1995, 36:300.
[13]Wilson ME, et al. Comparison of mechanized anterior capsulectomy and manual continuous capsulorhexis in pediatric eyes. J Cataract refract Surg, 1994, 20:602.
, 百拇醫(yī)藥
[14]Coester C, et al. Clinical surgical experience. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilked, 1992, 200:511.
[15]Apple DJ, et al. Posterior capsule opacification. Surv Ophthalmol, 1992, 37:73.
[16]Hiles DA, et al. Morden intraocular lens implants in children with new age limitations. J Cataract Refract Surg, 1987, 13:493.
[17]Markhame RHC, et al. Results of intraocular lens implantation in pediatric aphakia. Eye, 1992, 6:493.
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[18]Dahan E, et al. Pseudophakia in children: Precautions, technique, and feasibility. J Cataract refract Surg, 1990, 16:75.
[19]謝立信,等.兒童先天性白內(nèi)障摘除和人工晶體植入.中華眼科雜志,1998,3499.
[20]Buckley, et al. Corticosteroid-induced cataract in in diopathica nephrotic syndrom. Arch Dis Children, 1992, 53:1014.
[21]Gimbel HV, et al. Posterior capsulorhexis with optic capture: Maintaning a clear visul axis after pediatric cataract surgy. J Cataract Surg, 1994, 20:658.
, 百拇醫(yī)藥
[22]Zetterstrom, et al. Cataract surgery in children with capsulorhexis of anterior and posterior capsules and heparin-surface-modifed intraoculor lenses. J Cataract Refract surg, 1994, 20:599.
[23]Koch D.D, et al. A retrospective compasion of techniques to prevent secondary cataract formation following psoterior chamber intraoculor lens implantation in infants and children. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1997, 95:351.
[24]Tablant RT, et al. A new technique of congenital cataract surgery with primary posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract surg, 1988, 14:149.
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[25]Ben ED, et al. Posterior capsulectomy in pediatric cataract surgery: the necessity of a choice. Ophthalmology, 1997, 104:2168.
[26]Basti S, et al. Results of a prospective evaluation of three methords of managements of pediatric cataracts. Ophthalmology, 1996, 103:713.
[27]Aner S, et al. Unilateral pseudophakia in children under 4 years. J Pediar Ophthalmol Strabismus, 1996, 33:230.
[28]Zwaan, et al. Pediatric intraocular lens implantation. Surgical results and complications in more than 300 patients. Ophthalmology, 1998, 105:112.
, http://www.www.srpcoatings.com
[29]Markham, et al. Results of intraocular lens implantation in pediatric aphakia, Eye 1992, 6:493.
[30]Plager DA, et al. capsular management and refractive in pediatric intraocular lenses. Ophthalmology, 1997, 104:600.
[31]Robbin, et al. The use of intraocular lenses in chidren. Seminars in Ophthalmology, 1997, 12:89.
[32]Drummond GT, et al. Management of monocular congenital cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol, 1989, 107:45.
[33]Hiles ,et al. Modern intraocular lens implants in children with new age limitation. J Cataract Refract Surg, 1987, 13:493.
[34]Lambert SR, et al. Infantile cataract. Survey of Ophthalmology, 1996, 40:427.
[35]郭?,等.兒童白內(nèi)障手術(shù)與人工晶體植入的現(xiàn)狀(綜述).國外醫(yī)學(xué).眼科學(xué)分冊,1991,15:260., 百拇醫(yī)藥
單位:朱剛(山東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院眼科研究所 266071 青島);謝立信(山東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院眼科研究所 266071 青島)
關(guān)鍵詞:
謝立信 審校謝立信 審校
三、視力結(jié)果
兒童白內(nèi)障術(shù)后的視力與多種因素有關(guān):如白內(nèi)障的發(fā)生時間、白內(nèi)障的類型、混濁程度、單眼還是雙眼、手術(shù)時機、術(shù)后矯正情況、弱視治療的程度及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等有關(guān)。一個成功的手術(shù)只是給患兒建立了良好的光學(xué)通道,其最終的治療還在于術(shù)后的屈光矯正和弱視治療。Awner[27]報道了21例4歲以下單眼白內(nèi)障患者,術(shù)后有52%獲得了0.5以上的視力。其中42%為嬰幼兒性白內(nèi)障,68%為外傷性白內(nèi)障。其結(jié)果與Zwaan[28]的結(jié)果一致。Markham[29]報道86%的單眼嬰幼兒術(shù)后視力在0.1以上,7例中無一人視力在0.5以上。Plager等[30]報道了57例79眼10個月至17歲的先天性白內(nèi)障,術(shù)后平均隨訪2年,79%的患兒矯正視力大于0.5。目前報道,外傷性白內(nèi)障是人工晶體植入的最佳適應(yīng)證。因為患兒已有相當(dāng)程度的視力發(fā)育,其術(shù)后最佳矯正視力在1.0以上者占70~90%[31]。對于年齡大于2歲兒童的單側(cè)先天性白內(nèi)障行人工晶體植入認(rèn)為是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的手術(shù)方式。但以上視力的分析只是一個大體的結(jié)果,尚需要針對兒童白內(nèi)障發(fā)生的時間、類型、混濁程度、單雙眼、手術(shù)時間和術(shù)后視力結(jié)果的關(guān)系進(jìn)行大范圍多病例的研究。
, http://www.www.srpcoatings.com
四、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥及治療
兒童白內(nèi)障術(shù)中采用前后撕囊聯(lián)合前段玻璃體切除以及術(shù)中應(yīng)用肝素注射液或肝素表面處理的人工晶體,術(shù)后的炎癥反應(yīng)明顯減少。但是由于兒童術(shù)后的炎癥反應(yīng)較重,術(shù)后仍有部分兒童出現(xiàn)后發(fā)障和繼發(fā)膜形成。后發(fā)障可待炎癥穩(wěn)定后經(jīng)扁平部玻璃體切除。繼發(fā)膜可行Nd:YAG激光切除聯(lián)合前房內(nèi)注射t-PA治療。因為采用透明角膜切口或鞏膜隧道切口,不損傷小梁組織,術(shù)后眼壓增高可能與手術(shù)后炎性滲出物堵塞小梁網(wǎng)或玻璃體嵌頓引起瞳孔阻滯所致。可以通過抗炎或切除脫于前房和嵌頓于瞳孔區(qū)的玻璃體治療。
理論上,由于術(shù)中騷擾玻璃體,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)視網(wǎng)膜脫離的機會將增加。但報道術(shù)后視網(wǎng)膜脫離的發(fā)生率并不比成人高,這一結(jié)果可能與觀察時間短有關(guān)[32]。
兒童白內(nèi)障術(shù)后視網(wǎng)膜黃斑囊樣水腫(CME)的發(fā)生率低,可能與他們視網(wǎng)膜比成人健康有關(guān)。玻璃體切除并不增加CME的發(fā)生率。
, http://www.www.srpcoatings.com
人工晶體夾持和偏位是兒童白內(nèi)障術(shù)后常見的并發(fā)癥。Hiles[33]報道有40%的患兒術(shù)后出現(xiàn)人工晶體夾持,但是囊袋內(nèi)人工晶體植入能明顯減少這一并發(fā)癥。人工晶體夾持更多見于虹膜支持型人工晶體[34]。若人工晶體夾持不影響視力或不產(chǎn)生其他并發(fā)癥,可以隨訪觀察。如果出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的葡葡膜炎等并發(fā)癥時要毫不吝惜地取出或更換人工晶體。
五、人工晶體植入的禁忌癥
嚴(yán)重的小眼球是人工晶體植入的相對禁忌癥。因為這種眼球本身發(fā)育不良,視力預(yù)后較差,而且前房無足夠的空間以避免人工晶體與角膜內(nèi)皮接觸,術(shù)后易出現(xiàn)青光眼,角膜內(nèi)皮失代償?shù)。另外,青光眼患兒眼壓很難控制,也不主張植入人工晶體。除此之外,白內(nèi)障合并玻璃體增殖性病變(如糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變,嚴(yán)重的眼外傷等),惡性腫瘤(如視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤等),視神經(jīng)萎縮以及眼內(nèi)慢性炎癥如葡萄膜炎、弓形體病、風(fēng)疹綜合征等[34,35]。
, http://www.www.srpcoatings.com
從目前對出生后2周和4周的嬰幼兒行人工晶體植入的效果看,人工晶體植入并無年齡限制。但是對于2歲以下的兒童是否植入人工晶體仍有爭議。主要是因為年齡越小,術(shù)后炎癥反應(yīng)越重;人工晶體的屈光度不易確定;睫狀肌和晶狀體囊發(fā)育尚未完善;若行扁平部玻璃體切除,其入口距角膜緣的距離不易掌握[31]。雖然有出生后不久即行人工晶體植入的報道,而且人工晶體本身對眼也無嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,但仍缺乏長期隨訪結(jié)果和較多病例報告。
六、結(jié)束語
隨著兒童白內(nèi)障人工晶體植入后并發(fā)癥的減少,人工晶體在兒童白內(nèi)障中的應(yīng)用正逐漸被人們接受。由于兒童眼的特殊性,人工晶體的使用仍要非常慎重。首先要根據(jù)患兒的年齡和健眼的屈光狀態(tài)選擇合適的人工晶體屈光度。另外,手術(shù)者必須具有嫻熟的顯微手術(shù)技巧以及良好的手術(shù)器械;術(shù)中進(jìn)行前后聯(lián)合撕囊,前段玻璃體切除,以降低后發(fā)障和人工晶體夾持的發(fā)生率。同時要求患兒的家長明確手術(shù)目的,以便術(shù)后及時復(fù)診和進(jìn)行弱視治療!
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